Internal Report Archives

Search Internal Reports Archives produced by the Institute between between 1965 – 2007. Each report entry includes a link to a scanned PDF of the original historical document.

Internal Reports 1965 - 2007

Year	Report Number/PDF	Title	Author	Abstract
1965	65-02	Effects of a Phase Transition on the Propagation of Finite Amplitude Waves	Duvall, G. E., Horie, Y.	Criteria for stability of a single shock are reviewed and a procedure for step by step construction of the Hugoniot, with a point stability criterion, is described. Phase transitions for which delta V <. 0 are classified into three types according to the signs of dP/dT and dS/dT in the coexistence region. The slopes of single phase Isotherm and adiabat, phase boundary and mixed phase adiabat are then ordered according to the type of transition. Relative slopes of Hugoniot and adiabat in the mixed phase region are calculated. Some results of the theoretical discussion are applied to transitions in bismuth, iron, and quartz-stishovite. Values of dP/dT determined from shock compression data are compared with those determined directly. The agreement is fairly good for bismuth and very poor for quartz-stishovite. Calculated and measured Hugoniot points are compared above the phase boundary and found to be in serious disagreement. This may result from dynamic effects in shock compression or from poor thermodynamic data.
1966	66-01	A Program for Fitting Hugoniot Data to a Polynomial in (Vo/V-1)	Duvall, G. E.	This report contains description of and instructions for LIQUID COEFF III program, program subroutines, and example results.
1966	66-02	A Program for Calculating Zero Degree Isotherms from Hugoniot Data	Washington State University	Material data and constants for calculating Hugoniot pressures are given as program statements in SUBROUTINE DECIDE.
1967	67-01	Basic Theory of Irreversible Thermodynamics with Application to the Anelastic Solid	Johnson, James N.	This report contains the background for an understanding of the formal theory of irreversible thermodynamics, including the following topics: entropy representation of intensive variables, fluctuation theory, general theory of irreversible thermodynamics (generalized force and flux, linear processes and the Onsager Coefficients), and application to stress-strain relation for an anelastic solid.
1967	67-02	Effect of Valve Opening Time on Gas Gun Performance	White, Richard	In the design of a light gas gun to propel projectiles at very high velocities for impact and shock studies some controllable diaphragm or valve mechanism is required to release high pressure gas from the breech and introduce it into the barrel containing the projectile. The opening time of such a mechanism is expected to have an important effect on the acceleration of the projectile. A one-dimensional machine calculation was written to estimate the effect of opening times ranging from 1 to 50 milliseconds for a particular set of initial conditions described herein.
1968	68-04	Shock Wave Propagation in a Dissipating Lattice Model	Manvi, Ramachandra N. R.	The purpose of this thesis is to investigate the phenomenon of shock wave propagation in a nonlinear, one-dimensional, semi-infinite lattice. This will be carried out with and without dissipation. It is well known that linear lattices have frequency dispersional properties associated with them. In a nonlinear lattice, we will have both frequency and amplitude dispersion. In this study an attempt is made to investigate the effects of such dispersion combined with dissipation on shock wave propagation in the nonlinear lattice model.
1969	69-01	An Introduction to Elastic Anisotropy	Michaels, T.	Includes discussion and equations for basic stress-strain relations, wave propagation in an anisotropic medium, matrix notation in elasticity, and the effect of crystal symmetry on stiffness coefficients.
1970	70-01	Algebraic Computer Aided Transformation of the Elastic Stiffness Tensor	Hayes, Dennis	In the limit of infinitesimal strain, the elastic properties of cubic crystals are completely described by the three stiffness coefficients C₁₁, C₁₂, and C₄₄. Occasionally it is of interest to know the stiffness in a coordinated system which is different from the principle coordinate systems i. e., that which is coincident with the three directions. This report explores a transformation relating to two stiffness tensors as evaluated numerically with the aid of a Fortran computer program.
1970	70-02	Weak Shock Impedance Methods for the Quartz Gauge	Forbes, J. W., Mitchell, R. H.	It is the purpose of this paper to describe the impedance matching technique for reducing the measured pressure and particle speed in the quartz gauge to the pressure and particle speed in the sample material. This work will be restricted to materials which exhibit two shock waves resulting from a violation of the stability criterion.
1970	70-03	Calculations of Flow of Solids over Long Periods of Time	Andrews, Dudley J.	In order to perform numerical calculations of slow flow of solids it is proposed that an implicit calculational procedure be developed. The objective is to extend the range of applicability of the general purpose explicit methods without making any physical assumptions, and to allow the same generality in specifying material properties that is possible in the explicit methods. A general purpose calculational tool is to be developed. The non-linear implicit equations will be solved to second order in the time step by two iterations of linear equations appropriate to small increments in the variable. The linearized equations will be solved by the alternating direction method.
1972	72-01	Computer Code Service Programs	Hayes, Dennis	The following pages briefly describe six computer codes. These descriptions are not complete and will not in general allow for immediate usage of the program. What these pages provide is a statement of the function of the code, a description of key variables and a few comments. The codes have the following functions: evaluating the fraction of guard ring gap area to minimize scatter in quartz calibration data; solve for wave velocities; pressures, times of arrive for special case of aluminum impacting KC1 backed by quartz using jump condition; evaluate an analytical form for phase-1 Hugoniot of KC1; perform linear least squares fit; reduce quartz gage records; map stress-projectile velocity data to p-u and p-v space.
1973	73-01	Program Description for "POT"	Duvall, G. E	The purpose of this program is to enable the operator to calculate the mechanical and thermodynamic states of matter produced by impact of a plane flier plate on a target consisting of a sample and possibly a quartz gage and potting compound. Variables are controlled by the equations for conservation of mass, momentum and energy and by the constitutive relations of the various materials. Experimental control is simulated by varying the impact velocity and flier plate materials.
1973	73-02	The Transition from Particle Dynamics to Continuum Mechanics	Washington State University	Contains a discussion of and equations relating to the shift from Cartesian coordinates as it relates to a stream of particles to Eulerian space coordinates as it relates to the dynamics of continuous motion in a fluid or solid.
1973	73-03	Response and Use of a Quartz Gauge	Gupta, Y. M.	The usage of x-cut quartz as a stress transducer in shock wave experiments is reviewed and analyzed. A discussion of the piezoelectric response, various modes of operation and anomalies encountered is presented. The discussion is limited to only compressive loading. It is shown that the x-cut quartz can be used very effectively at early times of loading. The behavior at later times is subject to error due to "ramping." A number of suggestions are made regarding the use of quartz gauges in shock experiments.
1973	73-04	Chapter IX--Applications	Duvall, G. E.	Chapter 9 from Dynamic Response of Materials to Intense Impulsive Loading P. C. Chou, A. K. Hopkins, eds. A discussion of the applications of mechanics and physics of impact, including scientific applications such as solid state and materials sciences, engineering and commercial applications such as impact bonding and shock synthesis of diamond; and ordnance applications.
1974	74-01	Some Computer Programs	Dick, J. J	A discussion of various computer programs including the following: REVRB, which calculates pressure - volume - temperature states reached by reverberation in a material sandwiched between two identical anvils. Quadratic fits to pressure - particle velocity curves and a Zharkov and Kalinen equation of state were used. Program also computes resistivity values for each shot. CALIB converts oscilloscope records x-y points to voltage-time points using horizontal and vertical calibration values for two-dimensional interpolation and conversion. HFL0 computes the temperature as a function of time in a three-slab sandwich geometry.
1974	74-02	Modified Shorted Gauges	Gupta, Y. M.	In an earlier report (SDL Internal Report 73-03), response and use of quartz gauges under shock loading were reviewed. Various modes of operation and possible designs for different experiments were described. It was pointed out that shunted gauges are experimentally difficult to use, when non-metallic solids are being studied. The shorted gauges, while experimentally simple to use, do not have a universal behavior and each gauge design has to be individually calibrated. Since the bulk of experimentation in this laboratory is done on non-metallic crystals, it was decided to investigate the feasibility of using a modified shorted gauge. The intent was to combine the experimental ease of operation of a shorted gauge and universal response features of the shunted mode. This is achieved by removing almost all of the gold plating on the side of the shorted gauge. The motivation for this is governed by the fact that conductivity originating at lateral edges appears to cause deviations from one dimensional behavior in shorted gauges. Hence minimizing gold plating on the side may allow for elimination of conductivity effects.
1975	75-01	Plastic Strain in LiF Compressed Uniaxially in a Direction	Duvall, G. E.	Contains a discussion of and equations relating to plastic strain rate.
1976	76-01	Shock Wave Precursor Decay	Duvall, G. E.	A discussion regarding the relation of shock wave precursor delay to material properties. Considerations are limited to plane waves and uniaxial strain.
1977	77-01	Computer Programs for Reducing Quartz Gauge, Velocity and Tilt Records	Dick, J. J	This report documents computer programs for quartz gage data reduction, projectile velocity data reduction, and tilt data reduction.
1977	77-02	Plastic Strain in LIF Loaded by Planar Shock	Rosenberg, Gideon	Contains a discussion of and equations relating to plastic strain in LiF loaded by planar shock through the following topics: dislocation glide model, transformation of the plastic strain to the crystal frame, the elastic strain in shock frame and its transformation to crystal frame, combined elastic plastic stress-strain relations transformed to the shock frame, and determination of the shear stress on the glide systems.
1977	77-03	Electromagnetic Gage Epoxying Technique	Sheffield S. A.	A step-by-step process of electromagnetic gage epoxying technique.
1977	77-04	Effects of Lateral Expansion on the Thermoelectric Voltage Generated in Shock	Duvall G. E.	Contains equations and discussion relating to the possibility that motion of material between shock fronts may cause the current flowing through the external resistance, R, to differ from that observed in the stationary case.
1977	77-05	Stress on Secondary Slip Systems in LiF	Duvall G. E.	A discussion of and equations relating to finding shear stress acting on slip systems in LiF. Contains coordinates and transformation matrices for secondary slip systems in LiF.
1977	77-06	Regions of Wave Interaction	Duvall G. E.	A discussion of and equations relating to regions of wave interactions. In the general case where forward and backward facing waves interact in a region, without formation of shocks, the preferred analytic procedure is to adopt two of the hodograph variables as independent and calculate position, x, and time, t, in terms of the hodograph variables.
1977	77-07	Laser Interferometer	Dick, J. J.	Diagrams, discussion and formulas relating to a working laser interferometer system for measuring material velocity vs. time on a specularly reflecting surface. Includes Laser Interferometer Shot Setup form.
1978	78-01	POT Equation of State for LiF Shocked in the Direction	Bjorkman, M. D.	A discussion of and equations relating to equations of state for LiF. Includes flowchart and Fortran computer program.
1978	78-02	A Least Squares Program Which Calculates the Statistical Significance of Fitted Polynomials of Increasing Degree	Duvall G. E.	A discussion of and equations relating to a least squares program which calculates the statistical significance of fitted polynomials of increasing degree.
1978	78-03	Impact Response of the Shorted Quartz Gage to 40 kb	Duvall G. E.	A new fit to the piezoelectric constant, k, for the shorted quartz gage is reported. It is concluded that the shorted gage can be used, with caution, to 40 kb.
1979	79-01	P-V Hugoniot for a Mixture of Gases Interacting as Rigid Spheres	Duvall G. E.	The internal energy is equal to 3kT/2, as for an ideal gas, and P, V, T are related by the Abel equation P(V-Nb) = NkT where b is a suitable average of the molecular volumes of two components. The pressure, P, is not the sum of the partial pressures of the two components.
1979	79-02	Light Produced by Compression of Gas Between Two Plates Closing at High Velocity	Duvall G. E.	A discussion of the light produced by gas compressed between two plates closing at high velocity.
1979	79-03	Q-Meter and a Terminated Cable	Duvall G. E.	A discussion of the use of Q-meter in relation to oscillatory signals from gages, namely, to measure reactive deviations from a properly terminated line, and open circuit line or a shorted line.
1980	80-01	Limits of the Variation of P_x in Uniaxial Strain	Duvall G. E.	Equations and discussion of the limits of the variation of P_xin uniaxial strain.
1980	80-02	Mechanical Strength, Dislocations, and Precursor Decay	Duvall, G. E.	Measurements of increases in strength of solids with increasing strain rate have been predominantly one-dimensional stress measurements. The origins of such measurements and their relations with dislocation theory and microdynamics are briefly reviewed. Difficulties of extrapolating such measurement to still higher strain rates are discussed. The origins of mechanical strength measurement sin shock waves are described, and the microdynamical analysis of elastic precursor decay from such experiments is shown to lead to an estimate of dislocation density immediately behind the elastic shock. Precursor decay experiments are reviewed for lithium fluoride, aluminum alloys, iron alloys, and miscellaneous materials.
1981	81-00	Shock Dynamic Laboratory User Guide	Bakken, Greg	Includes guide to getting started, monitor commands, editor commands, instructions for using Fortran.
1981	81-01	Target Room High Voltage Safety and Flash Lamp Operation	Ogilvie, Kendal	High voltage safety in the target room, including precautions regarding the Cordin Co. power supply, Cordin Co. flash head, and Xenon Corp. power supply. A list of modifications to the power supplies is included.
1982	82-00	Spall Pressure in Cobalt-Aluminum Systems	Bellamy, Paul, and Duvall, G. E.	This is a review of experiments performed to establish spall threshold for two Cobalt-Aluminum alloys.
1982	82-01	Transition Probabilities, Absorption Coefficients and Oscillator Strength in CS₂	Duvall, G. E.	Equations and discussion of the transition probabilities, absorption coefficients and oscillator strengths in CS_2.
1982	82-02	Excitation of Bending Vibrations in CS₂	Duvall, G. E.	Scientists in the USSR have proposed, on the basis of shock recovery experiments, that the shock process produces chemical reactions which cannot be explained in terms of measured pressures and calculated temperatures, and that there are "catastrophic” effects occurring in the shock front itself. Direct experiments are required to test this speculation, and optical spectroscopy appears to be a suitable tool for such experiments. The absorption band discussed here arises from transitions which occur only in the bent state (CS₂ is normally linear). Moreover, as temperature in the vapor state increases, new levels become accessible from the ground state and the width of the band increases. These findings suggest that attention should be focused on possible effects of the shock on bending deformation of the molecule.
1982	82-03	Double-Diaphragm Breech for Atmospheric Pressure	Granholm, Richard	Description of a double-diaphragm breech apparatus suitable for shooting rigid foam projectiles in the 4 inch gun using atmospheric pressure. The velocity range for this system is approximately 0.12 to 0.16 millimeters per microsecond, with only a modest dependence on projectile weight up to at least 700 grams.
1982	82-04	Equation of State of Fluids - Nitromethane	Duvall, G. E.	Description and equations of technique obtained from Lynse and Hardesty. Includes computational procedures and program listing of EOSNTR.
1982	82-05	Equations of State - The Mie-Gruneisen Equation	Duvall, G. E.	The Mie-Gruneisen equation of state of a solid results from the assumption that thermal excitation of the solid is equivalent to excitation of a set of linear independent oscillators whose frequency depends only on density of the solid through variations of a single parameter, e.g., the Debye temperature. It is a peculiarly simple equation, in as much as it implies that (aP/aE)v is independent of E. This means that the P, V, E surface can be formed from a venetian blind with rigid slats lying in separate (P, E) planes. Nonetheless, it is quite useful and often a very good approximation except under extreme conditions of pressure and temperature.
1982	82-06	Approximations to the Hugoniot P-V Curve of Fused Quartz	Duvall, G. E.	A discussion of and equations relating to approximations to the Hugoniot P-V curve of fused quartz.
1983	83-01	Shock Wave Response of Ytterbium Gauges up to 20 Kbars	Gupta, Satish C., Williams, M. R., and Gupta, Y. M.	In this report we have compiled the results of our dynamic loading and unloading experiments on ytterbium foils. The Yb foils were oriented parallel and perpendicular to the shock front. These dynamic experiments have served as the basis of our analytic work on ytterbium. These results provide information for the Yb foils without the complications introduced by using a gauge package. The results presented here will be of interest to others who may wish to analyze these data or to those workers who may want to know the experimental results in detail to compare to their own results.
1983	83-02	Effect of Thermal Diffusion of Temperature for Thin Cells of Carbon Disulfide	Collins, R.	For very thin cells of carbon disulfide (0.5 to 5 microns thick) between two layers of sapphire, the effect of thermal diffusion on the temperature in the cell can be very significant if initially there is a large difference between the temperature in the cell and the temperature in the sapphire. Such large temperature differences occur when the cell is shock loaded to high pressures such as 80 kilobars. Because of the effect of pressure and temperature on the thermal conductivity of the carbon disulfide, however, it is impossible to accurately calculate the effect of thermal diffusion on the temperature in the cell. Nonetheless, an order of magnitude calculation can be made. This type of calculation is useful when deciding on a suitable cell thickness for experiments for experiments.
1983	83-03	Window and Target Preparation	Moody, R. L.	A discussion of and instruction for window preparation and target preparation.
1984	84-01	A Thin Cell for shocked CS₂ Spectroscopy	Eschbach, Peter A.	A discussion of four successful experiments involving time resolved spectroscopy of shocked liquid Carbon Disulfide (CS₂). In these experiments (shots) a small volume of CS₂ was contained in a cell. The cell comprised a 1/8 inch thick circular disk of Al₂O₃ (Sapphire) of one inch diameter, and a .44" thick circular disk of Sapphire, also of one inch diameter both housed in a cylindrical brass shell. The separation between the sapphires is called the cell thickness and is filled with CS₂ prior to the shot. CS₂ leakage is prevented with a circular viton O ring. During a shot, the sapphire is struck in plane impact by a moving sapphire (the impactor). This collision causes a shock to propagate through the front surface to the sapphire CS₂ interface. Because liquid CS₂ has a small shock impedance compared to the shock impedance of sapphire, the shock is reflected between the front surface and anvil, causing stepwise changes in CS₂ volume, pressure, internal energy, and pressure (called "ringing up"). The ringup time is controlled by cell thickness (separation between the front surface and anvil), and the "ringing up" process is complete when the CS₂ pressure is equivalent to the original pressure in the front surface.
1984	84-02	Mie-Gruneisen Equation of State for Liquid, Unreacted CS₂	Duvall, G. E.	Discussion of and calculations relating to Mie-Gruneisen equation of state. Includes calling routines.
1984	84-03	Infrared Spectrophotometer Used to Determine Cell Thickness	Eschbach, Peter A.	This is a discussion of how an infrared spectrophotometer can be used to determine cell thickness in the five to forty micron range. The two standard methods for cell thickness measurement, supermicrometer and counting Newton's Rings, were not acceptable in this range. The least count of the supermicrometer is 2.5 microns. At forty microns, 2.5 micron resolution is equivalent to six percent uncertainty. As thickness decreases, the 2.5 micron resolution becomes a proportionally greater percentage uncertainty. The Newton's Ring method (see Internal Report 84-01, A Thin Cell for Time Resolved Spectroscopy) relies on a person's ability to elastically compress the front surface until zero thickness, and then count fringes as pressure is released. To compress cells greater than ten microns, one has to place considerable force on the front surface. Forces this great should not be applied to delicate thin cells. The infrared spectrophotometer provided us with a very accurate method (1.6 percent error at 11 microns) for measuring cell thickness between five and forty microns.
1984	84-04	Impact Loading and Unloading Response of Manganin Foils up to 100 Kbars	Gupta, Satish C. and Gupta, Y. M.	The objective of the present work was to understand the response of the manganin foil gauges, oriented parallel and perpendicular to the wave front in shock wave experiments. We carried out experiments in which the gauges were subjected to well characterized stress waves up to 100 kbars. In this report we have summarized the experimental results and compiled the resistance change profiles of all the gauges in each experiment.
1984	84-05	Impact Experiments to Determine the Role of Matrix Material Properties on the Piezoresistance Response of Foils	Gupta, Satish C. and Gupta, Y. M.	In this report we have summarized the results of our experiments designed to determine the influence of the matrix properties on the piezoresistance response of ytterbium and manganin foils. The two matrix materials considered in our work were: polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) and polycrystalline aluminum oxide (Vistal). These two materials have widely different mechanical impedances (PMMA has very low impedance and Vistal has very high impedance) and serve as bounds for most other materials. Hence, the conclusions drawn from the present experiments should provide a good understanding of the role of matrix properties. We have presented the experimental configuration and the resistance change profiles for all the gauges in each experiment. To facilitate the numerical simulation we have presented the properties of the materials used in our experiments at the end of this report.
1984	84-06	Operations Manual for Current/Voltage Calibration Unit	Bellamy, Paul	The current/voltage calibrator puts out variable levels of consistent current or voltage suitable for calibrating oscilloscope faces. Each level (including zero) of calibrating current or voltage is synchronized with a suitable trigger pulse for the oscilloscope’s external trigger.
1985	85-01	The VISAR and Its Data Reduction	Arione, Salvo E. and Ricker, A. G.	An overview of the VISAR including theory of laser velocity interferometry, descriptions of test shots, resolution in the lens mode, and method of data analysis.
1985	85-02	Hugoniot of Fused Silica	Duvall, G. E.	A discussion of and equations relating to fused silica experiments; namely the three measurements of the wave profile in fused silica using VISAR and a fused silica window. Includes shot parameters.
1985	85-03	Determination of a Nonlinear Elastic Relation for Uniaxial Strain Loading	Gupta, Y. M.	Description of a method for calculating the nonlinear elastic stress-strain relation using the formulation presented by Thurston. The method, applicable to finite strains, assumes pure mode propagation.
1985	85-04	Measurement of the Pressure-Time Profile of a Multiply Shocked Fluid Using an Electromagnetic Particle Velocity Gauge	Sutherland, Gerrit	A discussion of the measurement of pressure-time profile of a thin multiply-shocked liquid layer.
1986	86-01	Basic Matrix Methods for Performing Least-Squares Fits	Aidun, John B.	A discussion of and equations relating to basic matrix methods for performing least-squares fits.
1986	86-02	Time-Resolved Recording of Low Intensity Optical Spectra in Dynamic Experiments	Horn, Paul D.	The method described here was developed to record the ruby luminescence R-line spectrum in shock wave experiments; however, it could be applied more generally to experiments in which time-resolved spectra must be recorded in a single-shot mode. The recording system consists of an image converter streak camera, a microchannel plate image intensifier, and an optical multichannel analyzer (OMA). The techniques for achieving good throughput are described, and the role of the OMA scanning parameters in determining the quality of the recorded image is discussed. Observations concerning the signal-to-noise ratio are discussed in the context of signal levels at the image intensifier.
1986	86-03	A Literature Review of Phase Transition in Cadmium Sulfide	Tang. Z. P.	A review of the static and dynamic work on the phase transition of cadmium sulfide (CdS) under various pressures and temperatures will be summarized in section 2 and 3, respectively. Some discussions and conclusions will be made in section 4 for future work.
1986	86-04	Dynamic Response of Manganin Foil Gauges to 185 Kbars	Brar, N. S. and Gupta, Y. M.	In this report we present results describing the loading and unloading response of manganin foil gauges, oriented parallel to the shock front, to well characterized stress waves in the stress range from 85 to 185 kbars. These results complement the data reported earlier on the response of manganin foils for matrix stresses to 90 kbars. The resistance change profiles from gauges in each of the experiments are presented. The measured values of resistance change at the peak stress and the residual resistance change are summarized.
1987	87-01	Analysis of Tilt in Plate-Impact Experiments	Aidun, John B.	Includes consideration of the effect on the inclination of the wave front of the rotation of the impact plane that occurs when tilt is present. Also includes discussions of aspects of the placement of tile and trigger pins in a target that can reduce the uncertainty in the tilt measurement and a description of the electrical circuit used to register shorting times of the tilt pins, and procedure for setting up the oscilloscope to record the tile and for reading the tilt record.
1987	87-02	Impact Experiments to Determine the Feasibility of Using Dow Corning Pyroceram 9606 as a Ram Wave Generator	Williams, Martin and Gupta, Y. M.	A discussion of two particle velocity experiments, at 87.5 and 77 kbar, which were performed to determine the suitability of Pyroceram 9606 as a ramp wave generator.
1987	87-03	Measurements of the Ruby Luminescence Spectrum to 125 Kbar at Room Temperature	Horn, Paul D.	The purpose of this report is to describe the measurements of the ruby luminescence spectrum at room temperature and under longitudinal stresses to 125 kbar. In this range, the ruby behaved elastically. The method and apparatus will be described first, followed by the experimental procedure and data analysis.
1987	84-04	Electronic Transitions in Carbon Disulfide	Yoo, C. S.	A discussion of electronic transitions of CS₂, including molecular orbitals, absorption bands, and important effects.
1987	87-05	Temperature Measurements in Shocked Liquids	Gustavsen, Rick	Temperature measurement in a shock compressed material is an important, though little developed, area of research. Temperature, when coupled with existing experimental data, can provide a complete (P, V, T) equation of state. For our study, we chose to work with liquids because many of the problems that arise in studying solids can be avoided. In this paper we discuss results of heat conduction calculations and experiments for two experimental geometries: metal foils ~ 10μm thick suspended directly in the liquid, and thin (~ .2μm) metal films deposited on a fused silica substrate and in contact with the liquid. Calculations and experiments showed that the I Oμm foils would not heat up. Our calculations predicted that the .2μm metal films would heat up to ~ 30% of the liquid temperature, however, even after a considerable experimental effort, we could not make films this thin survive shock loading.
1987	88-01	Data Reduction of the Half-Inch Shorted Quartz Gauge Record Using the Code Interp	Tang. Z. P.	A description of and equations relating to the data reduction of the half-inch shorted quartz gauge record using the code Interp. Includes the main Interp program.
1987	88-02	Numerical Simulations of Wave Propagation in CdS/BAMO:THF Composite	Tang. Z. P.	In our recent work, we measured the longitudinal particle velocity-time wave profiles at different locations in impact experiments using the IMPS technique described by Gupta et al. The measured profiles were analyzed to produce the loading and unloading paths of the experiments by means of Lagrangian analysis. The results show that the behavior of this composite under shock loading is directly linked to the properties of the components, i.e. the phase transition of CdS and the viscoelasticity of BAMO:THF. The purpose of the numerical simulation is to present a simple phenomenological mixture model for this composite, which perhaps could be used to predict the material response under impact situations. The emphasis of this report is put on the description of the mixture model and the use of the computer code.
1988	88-03	Interpretation of Densitometer Records	Duvall, G. E.	A description of and equations relating to the interpretation of densitometer records.
1988	88-04	Optical Spectrum of Ruby: Application to Shock Deformation	Sharma, Surinder	For discussing interactions in condensed state in any meaningful way, the knowledge of crystal structure is essential. So we begin with the structure of ruby. As the Cr concentration is in general quite low ( < 1%) it is presumed that ruby has the same structure as alpha - Al₂O₃ , Cr occupying an Al site at random. So we first discuss the structure of alpha - Al₂O₃ 3. However, some experiments have been done on concentrated ruby samples to discover whether occupied Cr site is exactly Al or any different.
1988	88-05	Crystallographic Directions and Elastic Constants in Al₂O₃	Horn, Paul D.	A discussion of the crystallographic directions in Al₂O₃andelastic constants. Includes the second order elastic constant matrix.
1988	88-06	Feasibility of Measuring Polarized Absorption Spectra of Ruby	Horn, Paul D.	Measurements of the polarized absorption spectra of ruby would be helpful in interpreting R-line emission data. The splitting between peaks polarized parallel-and-perpendicular to the ruby c-axis is a direct measure of the trigonal crystal field, while the emission data do not allow the effects of trigonal field and spin-orbit coupling to be separated. As will be discussed below, the limitation in this experiment is the high precision required in locating peak positions. Includes a description of describe of an experimental layout and interpretation of resulting data.
1988	88-07	Data Reduction in Ruby Luminescence Experiments	Horn, Paul D.	In the reduction of spectroscopic data, it is generally necessary to determine the wavelengths of spectral peaks. In the case of the ruby R-lines, these peaks are relatively sharp (especially at low temperature), while in other cases, such as the ruby absorption bands, they are broad. When the peaks are sufficiently sharp and well resolved, there are several methods which can be used to determine their wavelengths; however, care should be taken when comparing the results of alternate methods to insure that systematic differences do not exist between the quantities so determined. For example, one may define either the maximum of a peak or its centroid as the peak location, but values obtained from these definitions may be different for asymmetric peaks. The purpose of this note is to discuss these differences.
1988	88-08	Program for Fitting P.V. Data to a Murnaghan Equation	Duvall, G. E.	A discussion of the Murnaghan equation and program for fitting P,V data to the same.
1989	89-01	Multi-Dimensional Vibronic Analysis: Sum of States Method, Time Dependent Method	Yoo, C. S.	The shape of the molecular electronic absorption (or emission) spectrum reflects the distribution of the transition amplitude among the vibrational levels of the excited (or ground) states. Therefore, it is possible to obtain the microscopic information about the transition, distortion of the structure, anharmonicity of the electronic potential, and so on by analyzing the electronic absorption spectrum which is often called Frank-Condon (F-C) analysis. A simple way of the F-C analysis are summation of the transition dipoles between all the possible vibrational states (SOS method). Alternating way of evaluating F-C factors (but perhaps more powerful method) is achieved by working directly in the time domain (T-D method). Purpose of this report is to develop the computational methods for the SOS and TD, so that we can apply these methods for the spectroscopic data (Absorption, Emission, Raman) obtained under high pressure and temperature.
1989	89-02	Bounds on the Elastic Moduli of a Macroscopically Isotropic, Single-Phase, Polycrystalline Aggregate	Aidun, John B.	A discussion relating to finding the dependence of macroscopic elastic moduli, which characterizes an averaged stress-strain relation, on the properties of the constituents of the composite and the composites microstructure (the size, shape, concentration, orientation, and distribution of the constituents). Includes the following topics: single-phase polycrystals, isotropic aggregates, Voigt-Reuss-Hill averages, Hashin-Shtrikman bounds, and Watt's POLYXSTAL Fortran program to calculate HS bounds.
1989	89-03	Summary of Spectroscopic Shots from April 1982 to July 1989	Yoo, C. S.	Tables containing shot data (sample, cell thickness, experimental type, initial temperature, impact velocity, GPa) from April 1982 - July 1989.
1989	89-04	A Summary of Ruby R-Line Measurements Under Shock Loading	Shen, X. A.	The purpose of this report is to summarize the ruby-emission results obtained by Paul Horn, Jim Burt and Xiao-An Shen under shock wave uniaxial strain loading, below the HEL. The experimental conditions under which these measurements were carried out have been discussed in detail elsewhere. Here we simply list the values of the parameters obtained from each experiment and briefly describe how these parameters were determined.
1989	89-05	Listings of Fortran Programs: SURFGEN, SSHIST, UNLOAD, REVCNC	Aidun, John B.	This report contains the listings and sample input data for four fortran computer programs developed by J. B. Aidun: "Study of Shear and Compression Waves in Shocked Calcium Carbonate," Ph.D. Thesis, Department of Physics, Washington State University, Pullman, WA.
1990	90-01	Notes on the New Controller for the ANAC Two-Axis Magnet	Aidun, John B.	A brief discussion on the new electromagnet controller.
1990	90-02	Efficiency of Stimulated R-Line Emission in Ruby	Shen, X. A.	This report is concerned with stimulated R-line emission in ruby. It estimates the maximum obtainable power of the stimulated emission in a pump-and-probe experiment and under various conditions. This calculation is based on the following assumptions: a) a 100% population inversion in ruby is achieved by exposing ruby to a high-power light pulse from a pump laser (e.g., Candala dye laser operating at 514.5 nm) prior to shock impact and remains unchanged throughout the experiment, b) a dye laser, providing a uniform photon flux in a wavelength region between 692 and 698 nm, is used to initiate the emission.
1990	90-03	Use of Fast Fourier Transform for the Analysis of Ruby R-Line Spectrum	Shen, X. A.	A discussion of the application of Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) to the analysis of the ruby R-line spectrum obtained under shock compression above the Hugoniot elastic limit (HEL).
1990	90-04	Pressure Buildup at a Shock Front which Initiates an Exothermic Reaction	Duvall, G. E.	A discussion of and equations relating to pressure buildup at shock front.
1990	90-05	Data Reduction in Ruby Emission Experiments	Shen, X. A.	The purpose of this report is to summarize the method used in the ruby emission experiments for determining the peak positions of the luminescence R lines. This method can also be applied to fluorescence, Raman scattering, as well as absorption studies, there an accurate measure of the spectral peaks is needed. The technique is based on fitting each R line to either a Gaussian or a Lorentzian curve, depending upon the spectra of interest, to obtain its peak position. In the ruby emission studies, the Lorentzian model provided a better fit to a room temperature spectrum while the Gaussian was more suitable for low temperature data.
1990	90-06	Characterization of the WSU Shock Dynamics Laboratory’s Time Resolved Spectroscopy System	Gustavsen, Rick	This report discusses the collection efficiency of the time resolved Raman spectroscopy system developed at the WSU Shock Dynamics Laboratory. The overall configuration uses a flashlamp pumped dye laser (Candela SLL 5000) whose energy is delivered to the sample using optical fibers. The Raman signal is also collected into an optical fiber which delivers it to a 0.6 m spectrograph (The final stage of a SPEX Model 1877 "Triplemate"). An electronic streak camera (Hadland Imacon 790) time disperses the spectrum. The image at the streak camera output, intensity vs. wavelength vs. time is amplified using a microchannel plate image intensifier (ITI F4113) and recorded using an intensified vidicon detector (EG&G 1254) and optical multichannel analyzer (OMA).
1991	91-01	Magnetic Field Versus Coil Current for the Dipole Magnet	Gupta, Satish. C.	A discussion on the procedure for determining the magnetic field versus coil current for the dipole magnet using Hall probes.
1991	91-02	Determination of the Crystal Orientation of a Particular Ruby Crystal	Webb, Richard L.	A discussion on determining the orientation of a particular ruby crystal, but with general information applicable to determine the orientation of any sapphire or ruby crystal.
1991	91-03	Stability of Numerical Approximations to Time Dependent Flows	Fanget, Alain	This report includes a discussion of the general topic of stability, the presentation of a discrete system, the truncation error, and the consistency and stability principal theorems to find the necessary and sufficient conditions for stability.
1992	92-01	Absorption Spectroscopy at SDL (Shock Dynamics Laboratory)	Casey, K. G.	This internal report is a comprehensive description of absorption and reflection spectroscopy techniques in use at SDL. The following sections describe the experimental equipment, procedures used, system evaluation and capabilities, and error analysis. The appendices, besides containing the listings of the analysis programs, have specific details relevant to the absorption experiment.
1992	92-02	Absorption Shot Experiments: NITROMETHANE	Casey, K. G.	This report summarizes the three absorption spectroscopy experiments carried out on shocked pure nitromethane (NM) and nitromethane-ethylenediamine (EDA). Figure 1 shows the overall experimental configuration. Broadband light (300 - 500nm) is transmitted through the liquid cell and then collected by an optical fiber. The transmitted light is spectrally dispersed by a spectrograph, temporally dispersed by a streak camera, and recorded by a vidicon detector - optical multichannel analyzer system.
1993	93-01	R-Line Measurements Using Small Ruby Sensors in Impact Experiments	Constantinou, C. P. and Zimmerman, K.	In this report, we summarize the experimental details and results from our ruby experiments carried out in projects 188 and 196. The primary function of this report is the compilation of experimental details and results for use in subsequent project reports and/or papers. As such, it is designed to be a working document for individuals working on this project. The information presented here is important in using the ruby sensor as a stress gauge in a variety of shock wave experiments.
1994	94-01	Material Model for 6061-T6 Aluminum for Use in Shock Wave Experiments and Calculations	Feng, R. and Gupta, Y. M.	This internal report describes the material model for 6061-T6 aluminum for use in shock wave experiments and wave code calculations. The following discussion presents the various equations and figures as needed. The material model was derived for stresses up to 100 kbar.
1994	94-02	Material Model for OFHC Copper for Use in Shock Wave Experiments and Calculations	Feng, R. and Gupta, Y. M.	This internal report describes a material model for oxygen-free high-conductivity (OFHC) copper for use in shock wave experiments and wave code calculations. The following discussion presents the equations and figures as needed. The experimental results exist for longitudinal stresses up to 1500 kbar. For our laboratory needs, the model was derived for longitudinal stresses up to 500 kbar.
1994	94-03	Summary of Shock Experiments on Silicon Carbide up to 250 KBAR	Raiser, G. F., Feng, R., and Gupta, Y. M.	The overall objective of this ongoing project is to achieve a clear understanding of both how a ceramic material responds to high stresses/loading rates and the micromechanical processes determining its behavior. As a first step, the current experiments were conducted with the goal of measuring the strength of SiC in the shocked state. In order to do this, SiC samples were impacted to stresses below and above the HEL (approximately 120 kbar) and response of longitudinal and lateral in-material piezoresistance gauges was monitored. Conversion of resistance change to stress is accomplished for the longitudinal gauges. Analysis of the lateral gauge output is more complicated. The purpose of this report is to summarize the results as they stand at the moment in an easily updatable format. This document will serve as a reference for all of the piezoresistance gauge experiments conducted on SiC.
1994	94-04	Material Model for PMMA for Use in Shock Wave Experiments and 1-D Calculations	Feng, R. and Gupta, Y. M.	This internal report describes a material model for polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) for use in the design of shock wave experiments and 1-D wave code calculations. The particular PMMA modeled here is Rohm and Haas Type II UV A Plexiglas. The following discussion presents the equations and figures as needed. It is well known that the shock response of PMMA at relatively low stresses can be characterized as viscoelastic and the material undergoes thermal softening at high stresses until losing strength completely. Further, the existing experimental data show that the equilibrium response of PMMA displays a cusp at about 7.4 kbar as the Hugoniot elastic limit and a second one at about 240 kbar. In this report, however, we are seeking a simple model that can be directly used in the current version of the COPS code and reflects the equilibrium response only. Therefore, we will limit our material model for PMMA below the second cusp (up to 240 kbar) and ignore the first cusp as if the material is nonlinear elastic (as for designing shock wave experiments) or fluid (as for the COPS calculations).
1994	94-06	Background and Data Reduction on the SDC VISAR	Raiser, G. F.	The purpose of this report is to give the reader a working knowledge of the general theory behind VISAR data reduction and to provide a reference for the program 'SDCVIS.FOR' created to implement this theory in steps. In order to do this, some brief background material on the theory behind a velocity interferometer is presented first, then the effects of using a 'window' material attached to the monitored surface is covered, and finally the extension of the theory to VISAR systems is discussed. The final form of the equation relating the oscilloscope records from the VISAR to the desired particle-velocity history is summarized along with its assumptions and limitations. The data reduction procedure is then covered in detailed step-by-step fashion for reducing sample data from an actual experiment. The correction factors for window materials as well as the actual program list are given in the appendices.
1995	95-01	Analysis of Light Emission from Shocked Nitromethane	Gruzdkov, Yuri A.	As has been shown in previous Raman experiments the Raman peaks of shocked nitromethane (NM), both pure and sensitized, ride on top of a rather intense background. This background evolves in time and in most cases saturates the detection system by the end of the 1-μs time window. Tentatively it was interpreted as some kind of light emission from the sample undergoing chemical transformation under shock compression. However, the experimental data available by the beginning of this work were not decisive on what the particular type of emission that was. The spectral range of observation was limited to 514-630 nm or narrower; no detection was attempted at wavelength below 514 nm. The experiments presented in this report were aimed to clarify the type and the origin of this emission.
1995	95-02	Calibrations of Dipole an Solenoid Magnetic Fields	Yuan, Gang	Alignment of magnetic fields is critical in the compression-shear experiment. It is very important to confirm it before the experiment. Two of the previous works discussed the procedures of the calibration. However, only the dipole magnetic field was calibrated in the first referenced work and one power supply (there are two power supplies in the center) was used to calibrate dipole and solenoid fields in the second referenced work. The purpose of this work is to make a systematic calibration of the magnetic field system.
1995	95-03	Operations of VISAR System	Yuan, Gang	The purpose of this report is to give user a working knowledge and basic idea to operate VISAR system including a brief introduction of the theory of VISAR.
1995	95-04	Evaluation of the Efficiency of the Raman Photon Detection System	Pangilinan, Gerardo I.	Maximum efficiency in signal collection is an important goal in doing time resolved Raman scattering of shocked material because Raman scattering is inherently a weak process, and shock experiments are single event experiments. This report summarizes the results of an evaluation of the efficiency of the current Raman scattering configuration. The efficiencies of the individual parts were measured where possible, and found to be consistent with instrumental specifications. The streak camera, image intensifier, and the CCD detector were considered as one component, and the efficiency is also consistent with these instruments' specifications and numerical estimates of the coupling efficiencies between them. These efficiencies, when used to calculate an expected peak count for a typical Raman experiment, is in excellent agreement with measured values
1996	96-01	Summary of Initial Work on Ammonium Percholate (AP)	Winey, J. M.	This report summarizes our spectroscopy work on ammonium perchlorate (AP) up to July, 1996. The long range objective of the AP work is to observe and characterize shock-induced decomposition in single-crystal samples. The goal of this present work was to establish workable methods for performing both absorption and Raman experiments on single-crystal AP samples and to draw some initial conclusions from these data about the response of AP to shock loading.
	96-03	Material Models for Sapphire, α-Quartz, Lithium Fluoride, and Fused Silica for Use in Shock Wave Experiments and Wave Code Calculations	Feng, R. and Gupta, Y. M.	This internal report describes material models for sapphire, a-quartz and lithium fluoride (LiF) single crystals, and fused silica for the use in designing shock wave experiments and wave code computations.
2000	00-01	Summary of X-Ray Diffraction Experiments on KCl Performed During Spring 2000	Rigg, Paul A.	The purpose of this report is to summarize several x-ray diffraction experiments performed on KCl single crystals. The purpose of the experiments reported here was to repeat and verify some previously performed experiments on KCl shocked along [100] and to begin to investigate KCl shocked along [111] above the phase transition. This report outlines the procedures used to prepare the samples, summarizes the results obtained from each experiment performed, and gives some recommendations for future experiments.
2000	00-02	Effect of Epoxy Bonds on VISAR Measurements	Jones, S. C., Vaughan, B. A. M., and Repp, M.	Recent improvements in the VISAR system at the Institute for Shock Physics have revealed high frequency features previously assumed to be instrument noise, which do not occur in numerical simulations of impact experiments. The purpose of this work was to determine whether changing the epoxy type affects the fluctuations. Three types of epoxy were tested in an identical arrangement of a symmetric LiF impact backed by a quartz window.
2001	01-01	Isotropic Material Models for the Elastic Response of Sapphire and Quartz Single Crystals Under Shock Wave Loading	Winey, J. M., Feng, R., and Gupta, Y. M.	This report describes material models for the elastic response of sapphire (c-axis and a-axis orientations) and a-quartz (z-axis and x-axis orientations). The results presented are intended for use in 1-D wave propagation simulations using wave codes such as COPS. Although we derived these models from reported elastic constants, the models assume that the materials are isotropic. We approximated the anisotropy of the real materials by developing different models for different orientations of the crystal. However, these isotropic models can never capture the true anisotropic nature of the crystals. Therefore, the models must be used with some caution, particularly with regard to the lateral stress response.
2005	05-01	Summary of Z-cut Quarts Emission Problem	Patterson, James E., Root, Seth, Hemmi, Naoki, and Zimmerman, K.	In mid-2002, spurious emission was detected from z-cut quartz windows during Raman experiments under shock loading. This emission was comparable to the Raman signal intensity and significantly reduced the signal to noise ratio in these measurements. Ambient characterization did not reveal any bulk defects with these windows and ambient spectroscopy measurements indicated no emission; the problem was only evident under shock loading. In the following report we summarize the emission observed between mid-2002 and mid-2004, suggest what may have caused the emission, and show the results of recent measurements with no emission.
2006	06-01	Material Model for 6061-T6 Aluminum for Use in Wave Propagation Simulations	Mamun, W., Winey, J. M., and Gupta, Y. M.	Previously, a phenomenological material model for 6061-T6 aluminum, based on Hugoniot data up to 10 GPa, was developed by Feng and Gupta. However, recent shock experiments to stresses above IO GPa, along with recent ramp wave loading experiments, have indicated the need for a new model to provide improved simulations over a wider range of loading conditions. Therefore, making use of hydrostatic compression data, along with the recent shock and ramp wave loading data, we have developed a material model for 606 I-T6 aluminum that provides a good description for the shock response to at least 22 GPa and the ramp loading response to at least 4 GPa. In this report, we describe the model development and present the results of simulations using the new model.
2007	07-01	The VISAR Window Correction for Soda-lime Glass Under Shock Conditions	Lang, J.	Soda-lime glass is a potential VISAR window for shock wave experiments. Any potential VISAR window must be characterized to determine the effect of the shock induced change in the window's index of refraction on the VISAR velocity record. This paper outlines the results of twelve shock wave experiments with soda-lime glass as a VISAR window performed at 1.45 GPa, 2.0 GPa, 2.5 GPa and 3.0 GPa. All shots were symmetric impacts, therefore the particle velocity was known independent of the VISAR data. The shock induced change in the index of refraction was determined by comparing the VISAR velocity record to the known particle velocity.